Primecoin

What Is Primecoin

The entry of cryptocurrencies in 2009 was a game changer in the world of finance. But the blockchain technology soon spread to other areas such as management of medical records and gaming.

Every new coin entering the market has been building on the previous one’s successes to help advance the blockchain niche. One such coin is the Primecoin.

Primecoin is a decentralized and peer2peer cryptocurrency designed to utilizes a unique algorithm that searches and verifies only the prime numbers. This means that though it is a proof of work cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, it is fundamentally different in the way it runs.

  • A closer look at Primecoin

Primecoin was created in 2014 by Sunny King, a pseudonym associated with the development of another coin referred to as PPCoin. The same team is also associated with the development of proof of stake (PoS) algorithm.

The cryptocurrency’s symbol is the Greek letter psi (Ψ). The letter was selected as part of the recognition of Riemann because it symbolizes the Riemann zeta function.

If you check closely, there is a rendering used in Primecoin-Qt Windows setup. The horizontal bar helps to standardize the coin with the currency symbol convention and also symbolize the highest portraits of mathematics, Reimann.

  • The price performance of Primecoin

The price of Primecoin differed from the trajectory assumed by other coins such as Bitcoin in 2017 and 2018. However, its highest mark came early in November 2013 as others such as Bitcoin and Ethereum achieved theirs towards the close of 2017 and early 2018.

When Primecoin entered the market in July 2013, the price was $0.2. Then, it moved up to $0.8 in the subsequent week before taking a bearish trend to $0.2 toward the close of September. From November 2013, the price took a bullish trend culminating to $7.27 on November 30th, 2013.

The positive price growth did not last long. The Primecoin price took a downward trend after the 30th November peak, to reach a low of $0.7 in April 2014. The downward trend continued and pushed the price to $0.02 in April 2015. This low price persisted through 2016 and the first quarter of 2017.

Interestingly, the growth of Primecoin was relatively small towards the close of 2017. Indeed, it defied the bearish trend that many coins took between January and May 2018. In May 2018, Primecoin experienced a peak in price when it hit $3.4. Then, it dropped sharply to reach $0.5 in early October.

What is the problem that Primecoin Solves?

The use of cryptocurrencies heralded a new era where people could run transactions on a peer2peer basis. However, the blockchain networks are still facing serious issues that are making it difficult for mass adoption and growing the blockchain technology. Here are the problems that Primecoin solves.

  • Scalability issues

While the decentralization introduced by blockchain networks is one of the technological milestones of recent time, it is not without its own share of challenges. For example, the Bitcoin network requires about 50% of the nodes to agree when running transactions or voting on issues. This makes the process slow.

A closer look at some of the top cryptocurrencies in the market today reveals that they can only handle very few transactions. For example, Bitcoin can only handle 7 transactions/ second, Bitcoin Cash has a maximum capacity of 61 transactions/ second, and Stellar can only manage a maximum of 1000 transactions/ second.

When these numbers are compared to the industry leader such as Visa that can handle more than 20,000 transactions per second, it implies that blockchain platforms have a long way to go. Primecoin was created to help narrow the gap by improving scalability.

  • Security risks in cryptocurrency networks

When Primecoin was created, cryptocurrency network security had become a serious issue. The most notable attack shocked the cryptocurrency community was the Mt. Gox one that resulted to loss of more than 600,000 Bitcoins.

If you take a more recent case like the Bitcoin Gold attack, it implies that attackers are still working on identifying new methods to steal from unsuspecting clients. Primecoin targets to create a strong system that users can rely on without worrying of losing their coins.

  • High energy requirement in standard mining

The energy requirement for mining proof of work coins such as Bitcoin is very high and indeed destructive to the environment. For example, Bitcoin mining alone consumes 32TWH of energy annually. This is the same quantity of power that Denmark requires.

By the year 2020, it is expected that the energy demand to mine Bitcoin will be equal what the entire globe requires today. Primecoin targets to address the problem by adopting a different method of mining that is not energy intensive.

  • Centralization of mining

Mining is the process of confirming transactions in a cryptocurrency network for a reward. Most proof of work and proof of stake based coins have become highly centralized.

For example, Bitcoin mining difficulty has grown so much that people can only viably mine with advanced ASICs. However, the ASICs equipment is very expensive such that only the well to do in the society is able to mine and own new BTC.

Even those using proof of stake are no better because the people with more stakes have more chances of confirming transactions. Primecoin targets to make the mining platform level so that more people can be involved.

 

How Does Primecoin Solve The Problem

To address the above problems, the Primecoin founder and development team opted to take the proof of work consensus algorithm to a higher level. Here is how it works.

  • Primecoin’s proof of work algorithm targets only the prime numbers

Primecoin, like other coins, utilizes proof of work mining algorithm. However, it changed the Hashcash function used in coins such as Bitcoin and adopted a different method that searches and verifies specific types of prime numbers.

These prime numbers are the Cunningham chains and bi-twin chains. But why the two numbers only? The development team opted for the two numbers because they are relatively small and can be verified with standard grade processors such as GPUs and CPUs.

The development team also used the length of prime number chains and Fermat’s test to come up with a difficulty formula that would increase linearly as the hashing power goes up. Even with this creative method, King had to work on a method of preventing the same PoW from application multiple times.

The development team opted for a method that requires the origin of prime numbers to be visible by the block header. This requirement helps to guarantee that the solution or every block is unique.

  • Prime numbers as a factor of protecting the platform

Prime numbers are very important in cryptography because they are used in key-secret encryption systems. The longer the list of known prime numbers and as the value grows, the security of the respective encryption increases.

Understanding the prime numbers is very crucial in physics and mathematics. If you take a look at all non-prime numbers, you will realize that they can be constructed from two prime numbers. However, a prime number cannot be created from any other number. This principle was used to make the Primecoin more secure than its preceding networks.

What makes Primecoin better than it’s competitors?

By the third quarter of 2018, the number of cryptocurrencies had grown and reached 1600. This implies that the competition is becoming stuffer year after year. Here are some of the things that make Primecoin better than its competitors:

  • The Primecoin can be mined using standard GPU and CPU

By adopting the two prime numbers, Cunningham chains, and bi-twin chains, Primecoin effectively solved the problem of centralized mining and made it possible for standard miners. This means that more people can get involved to advance the course of decentralization and strengthen the network.

  • The coin has been performing very well in the market

Though the price and market capitalization has not been explosive like that of Bitcoin, it is remarkable. By mid-October 2018, the market capitalization of Primecoin was $12.4 million. This places it well ahead of others such as Bitkan with $11.8 million and Aeron that has $11.3 million.

  • Primecoin has been in the market for long and proven to be stable

The fact that Primecoin has been in the market for more than four years is an indication that most of the features have been tested and proven to work. When a new platform joins the blockchain niche, it takes about three to five years before it can be considered stable and reliable.

This is part of the reason why the community around Primecoin has been growing steadily in the last several years.

  • The Primecoin project is led by a highly enthusiastic team

The Primecoin platform is led by some of the top minds in the computing and mathematics realms. From the beginning, the team has committed to helping the industry scale the next level.

For example, they were the first to introduce a proof of work algorithm based on prime numbers and proof of stake. Now the community is looking at them for more impressive features to help catapult the coin to higher levels.

How can Primecoin be categorized?

Primecoin is a unique cryptocurrency designed to help give the blockchain niche a new approach. By using a unique algorithm that builds on proof of work consensus protocol, the Primecoin founders were able to advance decentralization and spur the next generation of cryptocurrencies.

However, it is the ability of the team to apply the concept of prime numbers keeping the network secure that has attracted more admiration. People using the network to send value or hold funds can rest assured that their assets are safe from attacks.

What’s Primecoin’s vision on Security?

To win more users and demonstrate value in the market today, cryptocurrencies have to start with security. The cases of attacks such as Bitcoin Gold when it was only a few days old and others such as Mt. Gox sent shivers in the systems of cryptocurrency enthusiasts.

The vision of Primecoin on security is to become the most secure platform in the crypto industry.

To achieve this, the development team adopted the unique proof of work algorithm that searches and verifies specific types of prime numbers. It also uses advanced encryption and regular system updates that help to identify gap and address related issues before attackers can take advantage.

Examples of Primecoin’s use cases / applications

Most cryptocurrencies developed within the first five years of Bitcoin introduction largely targeted facilitating payment without involving third parties. Primecoin was no different. Here are the main use cases of Primecoin.

  • Paying for goods and services in stores that accept prime coins. Like Bitcoin or Ethereum, Primecoin is used as a coin for sending value. You only need to identify a store that accepts Primecoin to be able to make a direct purchase.
  • Paying transaction fees when sending value on the native network. If you decide to trade Primecoin in the markets such as Bittrex and Binance, the charges can be paid in Primecoin.
  • Sending value across the globe. If you are on the Primecoin’s network, it is possible to send value on a peer2peer basis. Note that even if you are in different time zones, the process of sending value is simple, direct, and cheap.
  • Trading in the markets. One method of making money using cryptocurrencies such as Primecoin is trading them in the markets. Note that you can only trade the coins in the markets after opening trading accounts and forming cryptocurrency pairs.
  • Holding as an investment. If you save cash in the bank, the chances are that a lot of people know about it. This means that in the event of a court battle, your funds can easily be frozen through a court order.
  • However, Primecoin is a cryptocurrency network that is decentralized and all users’ details encrypted using the latest technology. It is one way of investing without worrying about third party seizures.

http://primecoin.io/

http://primecoin.io/about.php#what-xpm

http://primecoin.io/bin/primecoin-paper.pdf

https://coincheckup.com/coins/primecoin

 

 

 

SpreadCoin

What Is SpreadCoin

When Satoshi Nakamoto released Bitcoin, he demonstrated that it was possible to run completely decentralized transactions without relying on centralized organizations such as banks and credit card companies. Now, SpreadCoin has come to advance the same concept and take it to the next step.

  • A brief history of SpreadCoin

SpreadCoin is a decentralized and open-source cryptocurrency designed to help prevent centralization of mining pools.  The coin was developed in 2013 and released in July 2014 through an Initial Coin Offering (ICO).

Like Bitcoin Satoshi Nakamoto, SpreadCoin founder is only known by the name Mr. Spread. The anonymity of the founders is targeted to help shield them from possible legal suits associated with creating cryptocurrencies. At this point, it is important to appreciate that digital coins are not regulated.

In the United States, the federal administration appears unclear of the route to follow as the Securities Commission and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) appear to pull in different directions.

Though this anonymity has helped to advance the decentralization course at SpreadCoin, some people feel that it undermines openness. Some examples drawn in this case include other platforms such as Ethereum and EOS whose founders, Vitalik Buterin and Dan Lalima respectively, are well known.

  • SpreadCoin Price performance in the market

The price of SpreadCoin between launch in 2014 and early October reflect a growth of about 4000%. But the growth has been characterized by high volatility especially in 2017 and 2018.

When SpreadCoin entered the market in November 2014, the price was $0.001 before growing significantly to $0.1 in January 2015. However, the price retracted to $0.01 in March the same year and remained around the same mark until February 2017.

Between April 2017 and August 2017, the price shot up to $3.14, the highest mark in the coin’s history. The value dropped to $0.2 before climbing to hit another peak of $3.08 on 9th January 2018.

Like other cryptocurrencies, SpreadCoin price took a bearish trend that culminated to $0.04 recorded in early October 2018. The downward trend is now slowing down and the community expects that the price will start rising again.

What is the problem that SpreadCoin Solves?

The primary goal of cryptocurrencies introduction into the market was to give people a new method of sending funds that is free from censorship and interference. However, the blockchain system has also faced serious challenges that are slowing down blockchain growth. Here are some of these problems that SpreadCoin addresses.

  • Centralization of mining

Mining is the process of confirming transactions and adding new coins into respective networks. The process involves solving complex mathematical puzzles for a reward. To achieve this, many cryptocurrency networks require users to generate high computing power.

At Bitcoin, the mining difficulty has increased so much that individual users find it very hard to mine the coins with GPUs. To mine the system and earn BTC, people have resulted to using pools and expensive mining equipment. The implication of this is that pools have become a new method of centralization.

The centralized mining pools are serious threats to blockchain security by raising the danger of 51%. SpreadCoin targets to address the issue by limiting the ability of pools to mine the platform.

  • Poor adoption and growth of blockchain technology

While the rising number of cryptocurrencies in the market today gives the impression that all is okay, a closer look demonstrates a different story. Many people feel that the process of joining cryptocurrencies is complex and unrealistic. But more people are hesitant to use cryptocurrencies for fear of reprisals by the government.

At Bitcoin, the transactions can no longer be considered anonymous. The platform only uses pseudonyms which can easily be unmasked by following different transactions with advanced technology. SpreadCoin wants to give users the assurance that their operations in the network will be free from third party seizures.

  • Poor scalability

The design of many blockchain networks is to ensure that all or all nodes sign transactions before they can be completed. Unlike in the centralized organizations where only a few people are responsible for confirming transactions, the decentralized design tends to be very slow. At Bitcoin, the system can only support 7 transactions/ second while Ethereum can only do 20 transactions/ second.

Now, compare these rates with those of industry leaders such as Visa that can handle in excess of 20,000 transactions per second. SpredCoin sought to address the problem to make blockchain more competitive and attractive.

How Does SpreadCoin Solve The Problem

The SpreadCoin founder and his development team knew that they had to craft a reliable method that would help address the above problems while encouraging more users to join the network. Here are the methods that SpreadCoin uses:

  • Use of SpreadX11 algorithm

The SpreadX11 algorithm is a proof of work hashing function created by Evan Duffield to help address the problem of centralized mining using ASICs. SpreadCoin took Duffied idea introduced a pool prevention mechanism to it.

The SpreadX11 operates by including additional info on the header (hashWholeBlock and MinerSignature). The additional info ensures that those who mine new blocks on the SpreadCoin will be the first to know the whole block content. This is different from the common pool mining where the pool operators are the first to get the details.

This implies that when a miner finds a new block, he signs a block and transmits it to the network the same way it happens with solo mining. The method makes pool mining rules non-enforceable because any member of the pool can opt to remain with the reward and not share it.

  • Compact transactions

SpreadCoin utilizes a compact representation for signatures in all transactions. Unlike Bitcoin that keeps a copy of the public keys of the corresponding signature, the SpreadCoin omits this so that public keys can be recovered directly from the signature.

This implies that it is not necessary to maintain the public keys of all ECDSA signatures in a block. Therefore, users can keep smaller transactions that require smaller blockchains. This is the method used to increase the transactions that SpreadCoin can handle in the network while keeping the associated cost as low as possible. SpreadCoin transaction size is 67 bytes compared to 139 of Bitcoin.

  • Smooth halving

When Bitcoin core code was released, one notable thing was that the mining reward would half every four years. However, the sharp drop when the halving happens is demotivating and could see miners opting out of the network for other networks.

SpreadCoin introduced a method of smooth halving so that miners do not experience the sharp drop every four years.

What makes SpreadCoin better than it’s competitors?

After Bitcoin launch in 2009, the blockchain space gate flung wide open opening the space to a wide range of coins and varying applications. The early coins such as SpreadCoin have, therefore, been facing serious competition from newer coins. Here are some of the things that make SpreadCoin better than its competitors.

  • SpreadCoin has been in the market for longer and its system has been proven to work. Having been introduced into the market in 2014, SpreadCoin is considered more stable because most of its features have been tested and proven to work.

When new coins enter the market, they have to take a number of years before all the features are tested and proven to work. In many cases, this is about five years. However, SpreadCoin has been in the market for long and its core code is considered very strong. For example, its SpreadX11 feature has proven highly effective in preventing centralized pool mining.

  • The price of SpreadCoin has been performing relatively well in the market. When people set out looking for cryptocurrencies to join, the first thing is following the price performance. Though its price has not been as explosive as that of Bitcoin or Bitcoin cash, the growth has been impressive.

Between launch and October 2018, the price had grown by about 4000%. Besides, its market capitalization that stood at $20,434 in mid-October 2018 is well ahead of others such as Webchain, Citadel, and Bitblocks.

  • SpreadCoin targets a smaller niche of sending value on a peer2peer basis. One trick used by SpreadCoin to edge ahead of others is focusing on a small operational area. Unlike Ethereum and EOS that are focused on multiple activities such as running smart contracts and decentralized operations, SpreadCoin opted to focus on financial transactions only. This is pretty the same model like that of Bitcoin.

However, focusing on a small range of activities is also a disadvantage. For example, it limits the utility of the platform and risks losing users especially those targeting other services offered by other platforms. This is one of the reasons why SpreadCoin value has been sluggish in the market.

  • The cost of sending value on the SpreadCoin is lower than other networks such as Bitcoin and centralized organizations. The low value of SpreadCoin compared to others such as Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin implies that people can send value at a lower value. The cost is also lower than what banks are charging because the transactions are completed on a peer2peer basis.
  • It allows users to join, use and own the platform. If you use a bank to send value or run a transaction, it feels passive. You are only required to follow the procedures installed in the system and walk away once the transactions are completed. However, SpreadCoin is different.

When a user joins the system, he/she becomes part of the governance system. This means that in the case of an issue that requires voting, you will be called upon to participate. You do not just use the network and go; you own it.

How can SpreadCoin be categorized?

SpreadCoin is a fully decentralized coin that targets to take cryptocurrencies to the point that Satoshi Nakamoto intended. By adopting the unique Spreadx11 algorithm and promoting the individual use of SPR, more people can now enjoy the benefits that come with blockchain services.

What’s SpreadCoin’s vision on Security?

When SpreadCoin entered the market in 2014, the problem of insecurity had become a major threat to many crypto establishments. For example, Mt. Gox was hacked in 2011 and over 600,000 BTC stolen. To make SpreadCoin more secure, the founders opted to use the following strategies:

  • Advanced encryption.
  • Strengthening decentralized operations through SpreadX11 algorithm.
  • Regular network monitoring and updating the core code.

Examples of SpreadCoin’s use cases / applications

The introduction of cryptocurrencies was meant to provide users with an alternative method of sending value but on a peer2peer basis. The following are the main use cases associated with SpreadCoin.

  • Use SpreadCoin to pay for transaction charges on its native network.

When making transactions such as sending value on the SpreadCoin system, you are charged a small fee for motivating miners or supporting the network development. This fee is paid using SpreadCoin.

  • Paying charges when trading the coin in the exchanges.

Trading SpreadCoin in the markets such as Cryptopia requires users to pay operational charges. Because trading requires the user to pair the currency with a different coin, you have two options of paying the charges. For example, a person trading BTC/SPR has the option of paying the cost in either SpreadCoin or Bitcoins.

  • Buying goods and services in conventional stores.

As more stores come out to support cryptocurrencies, people with SpreadCoins have the opportunity to make direct purchases. Note that even in the event that only a different coin is supported, you can still use SpreadCoin by converting it using the exchanges.

  • Paying taxes in jurisdictions that support digital coins.

Though many countries were very negative about cryptocurrencies in the early years of cryptocurrencies, the perception is changing. Now, even some jurisdictions are allowing people to make official transactions in digital coins. One example is Singapore.

The Singapore administration indicated that there is no difference between using fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies. The primary goal is sending value. Therefore, you can pay for government services using SpreadCoin or other digital coins in the country.

http://spreadcoin.info/downloads/SpreadCoin-WhitePaper.pdf

https://coincheckup.com/coins/spreadcoin/

https://cryptomining-blog.com/tag/spreadx11/